BACKGROUND: Hepatitis B is an important public health problem for Pakistan.Being asymptomatic in many of the carriers, it needs screening to assess disease burden.Screening blood drive board wire donors will not only help point out the subliminally diseased individuals but will also offer a boost to treatment rates and preclude the dreaded complica
The emergency brake is an essential element of the escalator safety system, designed to prevent the negative consequences of emergency situations.However, due to the very rare operation of this mechanism, the effect of dynamic loads on its elements has not been sufficiently studied.In addition, the use of normally closed brakes with a constant torq
Tunneling operations face a significant challenge in managing water inflow into excavated underground spaces, primarily initial or excavating caused discontinuities in tunnel walls.The water flow rate is intricately linked to the geometric shape of the tunnel, making it a crucial consideration during infrastructure design and construction to mitiga
Metallic gratings have drawn great attention over the past few years due to effective light trapping and power conversion efficiency enhancement in organic solar cells (OSCs).Novel OSCs incorporated short-pitch metallic grating into the conventional OSCs as the back electrode is presented.The optical and electrical properties of OSCs are investigat
Background: Political violence continues to be a key feature of political life in South Africa.This violence seems to occur predominantly in the controversial KwaZulu-Natal province.Political violence that was seen during the early 1990s between the African National Congress (ANC) and the Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) is seen today between members of